{"id":3773,"date":"2020-07-02T14:54:51","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T12:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/?page_id=3773"},"modified":"2020-07-17T15:08:34","modified_gmt":"2020-07-17T13:08:34","slug":"soluzioni-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/soluzioni-2\/","title":{"rendered":"SOLUTIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Water solution systems: natural and synthetic polymers” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Starch and Cellulose derivatives” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Starch and cellulose are the most abundant and important representatives of renewable biomass.<\/strong> Since the mid-19th century their properties have been changed by chemical modification for commercial and scientific purposes, and there substituted polymers have found a wide range of applications.\u00a0\u00a0However, the inherent polydispersity and supramolecular organization of starch and cellulose cause the products resulting from their modification to display high complexity.\u00a0Cellulose in its native form is not soluble in water<\/strong>. It can\u00a0be rendered water-soluble by chemical reaction of its hydroxyl groups with hydrophilic substituents. In this manner\u00a0water-soluble cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl\u00a0cellulose<\/strong> (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose<\/strong> (HEC), methyl\u00a0cellulose<\/strong> (MC), and hydroxypropyl cellulose<\/strong> (HPC) are\u00a0produced.<\/p>\n

Bibliography: (1)\u00a0L.-M Zhang,<\/strong> “Cellulosic associative thickeners<\/em><\/a>“<\/em>,\u00a0Carbohydrate Polymers, 2001. (2)\u00a0Petra Mischnick, Dane Momcilovic<\/strong>, “Chemical Structure Analysis of Starch and Cellulose Derivatives<\/a><\/em>“,\u00a0Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry,\u00a02010.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4071″ img_size=”full” autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Chitin-Chitosan derivates” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose<\/strong> and is a resourceful copious and cheap biomaterial discovered in 1859 owing to significant industrial and technological utility.\u00a0Chitosan is the derivate of chitin by removing enough acetyl\u00a0groups<\/strong> with diluted acids or strong bases. The degree of\u00a0deacetylation is a quality parameter of chitosan describing the\u00a0percentage of acetyl groups removed from chitin. The degrees\u00a0of deacetylation depend on the raw material and preparing\u00a0method. Chitin with a deacetylation degree of more than\u00a055% is generally referred to chitosan.\u00a0Chitosan endures assorted chemical\/physical modifications easily at free proactive functionalities, yet intact bulk properties are achieved through processing, viz., film, membrane, composite, hybrid, nanofibre, nanoparticle, hydrogel and scaffolds.<\/p>\n

Chitosan-matrix is advantageous over biopolymers due to inherent economic, versatile and unequivocal portfolio<\/strong> from bio-molecule to quantum dots which traced its great journey in modern S&T. Overall, chitosan chemistry boosted R&D in countless domains like agriculture, biochemical, medicine, pharmaceutics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, material\/food science, microbiology, biomedicine, bioengineering, biochemistry, bioprocessing and environment.<\/p>\n

Weiping Su, Shaoqi Yu, Daidai Wu, Meisheng Xia, Zhengshun Wen, Zhitong Yao, Junhong Tang,\u00a0Weihong Wu<\/strong>, “A critical review of cast-off crab shell recycling from the perspective<\/em><\/a>
\nof functional and versatile biomaterials<\/em>”\u00a0Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2019).[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4074″ img_size=”full” speed=”4000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Natural gums” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Natural gums<\/strong> (Arabic gum, Karaya gum, and Guar gum) are complex polysaccharide<\/strong> and soluble dietary fibre obtained from various tree species<\/strong> that exhibit unique and diverse physical properties. These extracts are widely used in the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries due to their different functional properties in a wide range of applications.
\nArabic gum<\/strong> is derived from the exudation of stems and branches of Acacia Senegal L. and It is known to be the most widely used exudate gum. It has become an important ingredient for food and other industries, as it provides good emulsion stability, encapsulation properties, and high solubility. Meanwhile, Guar gum<\/strong> is considered as one of the best thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing additives, in which it contains several hydroxyl groups and displays a polymeric structure. On the other hand, Karaya gum<\/strong> exhibits a very strong swelling, high viscosity, and very poor solubility properties because of its acetyl groups; thus, its applications are limited only in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.<\/p>\n

Rosland Abel, SE, Yusof, YA, Chin, NL, et al.<\/strong> “The effect of particle size on the physical properties of Arabic gum powder<\/a><\/em>.” J Food Process Eng. 2020[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4065″ img_size=”full” speed=”3000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Soluble polysaccharides” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Xanthan gum is a water\u2010soluble anionic polysaccharide <\/strong>produced by\u00a0aerobic fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris. Xanthan gum consists of D\u2010glucose, D\u2010mannose, and D\u2010glucuronic acid units in its structure. It is stable over a wide pH range. Xanthan gum’s film\u2010forming properties comprise pseudo\u2010plastic rheological behaviour in an aqueous environment that is amenable to film fabrication because it readily disperses in cold or hot water with minimal effect on its viscosity<\/strong> from either temperature or pH. Xanthan gum was reported to be a compatible cross\u2010linker to be blended with various materials.<\/p>\n

Agar<\/strong> is a polysaccharide that consists of agarose (gelling fraction) and agaropectin (nongelling fraction). It is extracted from the marine algae of class Rhodophyceae<\/strong> such as Gelidium sp. and Gracilaria sp. The most important attribute of agar is its ability to form solid gels at very low concentrations<\/strong>. Agar is more stable at low pH and high\u2010temperature environment conditions. Agar has good film\u2010forming properties. As it is also renewable and biodegradable, it has been tested to prepare different materials like foams, films, and coatings.<\/p>\n

Rukmanikrishnan, B, Rajasekharan, SK, Lee, J, Lee, J.<\/strong> “Biocompatible agar\/xanthan gum composite films: Thermal, mechanical, UV, and water barrier properties.<\/a><\/em>” Polym Adv Technol. 2019.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4062″ img_size=”full” speed=”3000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Animal glue” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Animal glue<\/strong>, as a non-toxic, biodegradable natural polymer material, which is derived primarily from collagenous material present in animal<\/strong> hide or from the extraction of collagen present in animal bones, primarily cattle. Animal glue has excellent environmental performance, this aspect has incited considerable research interest from industries and institutions.<\/p>\n

Animal glue is an organic colloid of protein<\/strong> formed through hydrolysis of the collagen, similar to gelatin. The word collagen itself derives from Greek \u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 kolla, meaning ‘glue’.<\/p>\n

By catalytic decomposition, the peptide molecular structure of the animal glue can be decomposed into a smaller molecular structure that exhibits a liquid state at room temperature and is easily chemically modified and used as an adhesive, sizing and coating<\/strong>, and for colloidal applications in industry.<\/p>\n

WANG, T.-S.; LIU, W.-H.; LI, Y.-M.<\/strong> “Preparation of animal glue binder treated by anhydrous sodium carbonate<\/em><\/a>“. Journal of Adhesion Science & Technology, 2018.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4039″ img_size=”full” speed=”3000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Poly(vinyl alcohol)” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Poly(vinyl alcohol)<\/strong> is the most commercially important water soluble plastic in use<\/strong>. It is tasteless, odourless, it will biodegrade and is biocompatible. As well as being soluble in water, it is slightly soluble in ethanol, but insoluble in other organic solvents. Polyvinyl alcohol (polyvinylalcohol) has a variety of applications ranging from paper and textile industries to construction, adhesives and the oil and gas industry. Polyvinyl alcohol is water-soluble<\/strong>, has specific colloidal characteristics, excellent film-forming properties, and high tensile strength<\/strong>. In additi\u00adon, it is elastic and resistant to heat and organic solvents. Polyvinyl alcohol flexibility is due to its chemical properties, especially the numerous hydroxyl groups that react with substances such as reactant resins. It is also be readily blended with a number of natural materials<\/strong> and can exhibit properties that are compatible with a range of applications. The inclusion of natural fibres and fillers can give further improvements in mechanical properties without compromising overall degradability. Therefore, the potential benefits of this material given its water-soluble characteristics are huge, but this must be offset against practical considerations of its long-term life cycle in changeable environmental conditions.<\/p>\n

WANG, T.-S.; LIU, W.-H.; LI, Y.-M.<\/strong> “Preparation of animal glue binder treated by anhydrous sodium carbonate<\/em><\/a>“. Journal of Adhesion Science & Technology, 2018.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4061″ img_size=”full” speed=”3000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Soluble polymer flocculants ” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Water soluble polymer flocculants are important constituents of solid\u2013liquid separation units for the treatment of a variety of process-affected effluents. The systematic development of a flocculant relies on a good understanding of flocculation process, polymer synthesis, polymer characterization, and, not the least, flocculation performance assessment as desired for a particular treatment process, all of which are essential to establish meaningful relationships between flocculant microstructure and flocculation efficiency.<\/p>\n

Synthetic flocculants are made by polymerization of water soluble monomers. Depending on the monomer(s) used, synthetic flocculants may be classified based on their charges as positively charged, negatively charged, neutral, or, in some cases, amphoteric. They may alternatively be classified according to their architecture as linear, branched, hyperbracnhed, or grafted. Polyacrylamide is the most important water soluble nonionic flocculant because its monomer, acrylamide, is highly water soluble, cost-effective, and very reactive.<\/p>\n

VAJIHINEJAD, V. et al.<\/strong> “Water Soluble Polymer Flocculants: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Assessment<\/em><\/a>.” MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING, 2018.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4083″ img_size=”full” speed=”3000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Superabsorbent polymer” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Superabsorbent polymer materials (SAPs) are cross-linked polymer networks constituted by water-soluble building blocks<\/strong>. SAPs are generally composed of ionic monomers and are characterized by a low cross-linking density, which results in a large fluid uptake capacity, up to 1000 times their own weight<\/strong>. Interestingly, these superabsorbent networks can absorb and retain aqueous solutions up to several hundred times their own weight, while even retaining it under pressure.
\nTypical monomers applied in synthetic SAP development include among other: acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), methacrylic acid (MAA)<\/strong>, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS). They can be introduced into a cross-linked (co)polymer network using a synthetic cross-linker such as N,N\u2019-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA).
\nSemi-synthetic or semi-natural SAPs can be synthesized by the addition of a synthetic constituent to a natural, polymeric backbone through graft polymerization. In the latter case, the natural backbone is acting as a natural cross-linker for the synthetic monomers. Natural SAPs include polysaccharides and proteins.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Both synthetic and polysaccharide-based SAPs have already been used for a multiplicity of applications such as diapers, the biomedical field, agriculture<\/strong>. Finally, \u2018smart\u2019 SAPs are often useful for biomedical applications such as drug release<\/strong> as they can target a certain in vivo location exerting particular characteristics triggering the release of the encapsulated\/coupled drug.<\/p>\n

MIGNON, A. et al.<\/strong>\u00a0“Superabsorbent polymers: A review on the characteristics and applications of synthetic, polysaccharide-based, semi-synthetic and \u2018smart\u2019 derivatives<\/em>.<\/a>” European Polymer Journal, 2019.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_images_carousel images=”4069″ img_size=”full” speed=”3000″ autoplay=”yes” wrap=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

HOME<\/a>\u00a0>\u00a0MATTER<\/a>\u00a0>\u00a0WATER<\/a>\u00a0 >\u00a0SOLUTIONS\u00a0> EMULSIONS<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Water solution systems: natural and synthetic polymers” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_separator style=”shadow”][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_custom_heading text=”Starch and Cellulose derivatives” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:32|text_align:left” google_fonts=”font_family:Roboto%3A100%2C100italic%2C300%2C300italic%2Cregular%2Citalic%2C500%2C500italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C900%2C900italic|font_style:100%20light%20regular%3A100%3Anormal”][vc_column_text]Starch and cellulose are the most abundant and important representatives of renewable biomass.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3773","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3773","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3773"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3773\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4084,"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3773\/revisions\/4084"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/academy.bormawachs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3773"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}